Special Characters

To include a special character in the abstract, title, or cover letter copy (Ctrl-C or Cmd-C) and paste (Ctrl-V or Cmd-V) the CODE for the special character into the appropriate text field.

Greek characters
Misc. characters
Mathematical symbols
HTML Tags

Greek characters

Symbol Description Code
lower case Greek alpha lower case Greek alpha &[alpha]
lower case Greek beta lower case Greek beta &[beta]
lower case Greek gamma lower case Greek gamma &[gamma]
lower case Greek delta lower case Greek delta &[delta]
lower case Greek epsilon lower case Greek epsilon &[epsilon]
lower case Greek zeta lower case Greek zeta &[zeta]
lower case Greek eta lower case Greek eta &[eta]
lower case Greek theta lower case Greek theta &[theta]
lower case script Greek theta lower case script Greek theta &[thetas]
lower case Greek iota lower case Greek iota &[iota]
lower case Greek kappa lower case Greek kappa &[kappa]
lower case Greek lambda lower case Greek lambda &[lambda]
lower case Greek mu lower case Greek mu &[mu]
lower case Greek nu lower case Greek nu &[nu]
lower case Greek xi lower case Greek xi &[xi]
lower case Greek pi lower case Greek pi &[pi]
lower case Greek rho lower case Greek rho &[rho]
lower case Greek sigma lower case Greek sigma &[sigma]
lower case Greek tau lower case Greek tau &[tau]
lower case Greek upsilon lower case Greek upsilon &[upsilon]
lower case Greek phi lower case Greek phi &[phi]
lower case script Greek phi lower case script Greek phi &[phis]
lower case Greek chi lower case Greek chi &[chi]
lower case Greek psi lower case Greek psi &[psi]
lower case Greek omega lower case Greek omega &[omega]
Capital Greek Gamma Capital Greek Gamma &[Gamma]
Capital Greek Delta Capital Greek Delta &[Delta]
Capital Greek Lambda Capital Greek Lambda &[Lambda]
Capital Greek Xi Capital Greek Xi &[Xi]
Capital Greek Pi Capital Greek Pi &[Pi]
Capital Greek Sigma Capital Greek Sigma &[Sigma]
Capital Greek Theta Capital Greek Theta &[Theta]
Capital Greek Phi Capital Greek Phi &[Phi]
Capital Greek Psi Capital Greek Psi &[Psi]
Capital Greek Omega Capital Greek Omega &[Omega]

Misc. characters [top]
Symbol Description Code
Angstrom Angstrom &[Aring]
° degree sign &[deg]
leftward arrow leftward arrow &[larr]
right arrow right arrow &[rarr]
· middle dot &[middot]
per thousand per thousand &[permil]
prime or minute prime or minute &[prime]
double prime double prime &[Prime]
¢ cent sign &[cent]
© copyright &[copy]
® registered trademark &[reg]
¬ not sign &[not]
µ micro sign &[micro]
» right angled quote; guillemot right &[raquo]
¡ inverted exclamation &[iexcl]
¿ inverted question mark &[iquest]
™ trademark &[trade]
€ euro &[euro]

Mathematical symbols [top]
Symbol Description Code
approximately equal approximately equal &[approx]
not equal not equal &[ne]
identical to identical to &[ident]
> greater than &[gt]
greater than or equal to greater than or equal to &[ge]
< less than &[lt]
less than or equal to less than or equal to &[le]
summation operator summation operator &[sum]
plus-or-minus sign plus-or-minus sign &[plusmn]
minus minus &[minus]
multiplication sign multiplication sign &[mult]
division sign division sign &[divide]
null null &[null]
root; radical root; radical &[root]
¼ one fourth &[frac14]
½ one half &[frac12]
¾ three fourths &[frac34]
∂ Partial differential &[part]
∝ Proportional variant &[vprop]
∞ Infinity &[infin]

HTML Tags [top]
NOTE: The start and end tags must be used together.
Description Code
Italic Start <I>
Italic End </I>
Superscript Start <SUP>
Superscript End </SUP>
Bold Start <B>
Bold End </B>
Subscript Start <SUB>
Subscript End </SUB>